Wi-Fi 6 vs Wi-Fi 5: Does it Solve Channel Interference?

This guide provides a technical deep-dive into how Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) addresses channel interference in high-density enterprise environments through OFDMA and BSS Coloring. It equips IT managers, network architects, and CTOs with actionable deployment strategies, real-world case studies from hospitality and healthcare, and a framework for evaluating the ROI of infrastructure upgrades in venues where wireless performance is business-critical.

📖 7 min read📝 1,523 words🔧 2 worked examples❓ 3 practice questions📚 8 key definitions

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[INTRO - 0:00]
Host: Welcome back to the Purple Technical Briefing. Today we're tackling one of the most persistent headaches for network architects and IT directors: channel interference. Specifically, we're looking at whether upgrading from Wi-Fi 5 to Wi-Fi 6 actually solves the problem, or just moves it around. If you're managing a high-density environment — whether that's a stadium, a hospital, or a sprawling retail complex — you know that throwing more access points at a coverage problem often creates a capacity problem. Let's dive into the architecture of 802.11ax and see what it really delivers.

[TECHNICAL DEEP-DIVE - 1:00]
Host: Let's start with the fundamental shift in how the spectrum is managed. Wi-Fi 5, or 802.11ac, relied on Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing, or OFDM. It was a single-user technology. When an access point transmitted to a client, it used the entire channel width — whether that was 20, 40, or 80 megahertz — even if it was just sending a tiny payload like an IoT sensor update or a chat message. This meant a lot of wasted spectrum and significant contention overhead.

Enter Wi-Fi 6 with Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access, or OFDMA. This is the game-changer. OFDMA allows the access point to divide a channel into smaller sub-carriers, known as Resource Units. Instead of one client monopolising the channel, the AP can transmit to multiple clients simultaneously. It's the difference between sending a single package in a massive delivery truck, versus loading that truck with packages for multiple destinations on the same route. This drastically reduces contention and latency, which indirectly mitigates the effects of interference by making the network far more efficient.

But the feature that directly targets co-channel interference is BSS Coloring. In dense deployments, like a conference centre or a multi-tenant office building, you inevitably have overlapping coverage cells using the same channel. In Wi-Fi 5, if a client or AP heard a transmission on its channel, it would defer — it would wait its turn, assuming the medium was busy. This led to massive performance degradation.

BSS Coloring changes the rules. It adds a 6-bit identifier — a colour — to the physical layer header. Now, when an AP or client hears a transmission, it checks the colour. If the colour matches its own Basic Service Set, it defers. But if it's a different colour — meaning it's from a neighbouring network on the same channel — it can evaluate the signal strength. If the signal is below a certain threshold, the device can ignore it and transmit simultaneously. This spatial reuse capability fundamentally changes how we design high-density networks.

[IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS AND PITFALLS - 6:00]
Host: So, how does this translate to your deployment strategy? First, you need to rethink your channel planning. With Wi-Fi 6, you still need careful RF design, but you have more flexibility. You can deploy APs closer together without the same catastrophic co-channel interference penalty, provided BSS Coloring is properly configured.

However, there's a major pitfall: client support. BSS Coloring and OFDMA only provide their full benefits when the client devices also support Wi-Fi 6. In a typical guest Wi-Fi scenario, like a retail chain or a hospital waiting room, you have a mixed environment. You're dealing with legacy Wi-Fi 4 and Wi-Fi 5 devices. The network will still fall back to legacy contention mechanisms for those devices. This is where a platform like Purple becomes critical. By integrating Purple's analytics, you can actually see the device mix on your network. You can track the adoption curve of Wi-Fi 6 clients in your specific venues, which gives you the hard data you need to justify the ROI of an infrastructure upgrade.

Another recommendation: don't just default to 80-megahertz channels. In dense environments, sticking to 20 or 40-megahertz channels often yields better overall capacity and stability, even with Wi-Fi 6. Let OFDMA do the heavy lifting for throughput, rather than trying to brute-force it with wider channels that invite more interference.

[RAPID-FIRE Q&A - 8:00]
Host: Let's hit a couple of rapid-fire questions we hear from CTOs.

Question one: Does Wi-Fi 6 eliminate the need to avoid DFS channels?
Answer: No. Dynamic Frequency Selection rules still apply. You still have to vacate the channel if radar is detected. However, Wi-Fi 6's efficiency means you can often get more out of the non-DFS channels, reducing your reliance on them.

Question two: Will upgrading to Wi-Fi 6 instantly fix my interference problems?
Answer: Not instantly, and not entirely. It requires proper configuration. If you drop Wi-Fi 6 APs into a poorly designed RF plan, you'll still have a poorly performing network. The physics of RF haven't changed, but the tools to manage it have improved significantly.

[SUMMARY AND NEXT STEPS - 9:00]
Host: To wrap up: Wi-Fi 6 doesn't magically make interference disappear, but it provides powerful new mechanisms — specifically OFDMA and BSS Coloring — to mitigate its impact and dramatically improve efficiency in dense environments.

For IT directors planning their next refresh cycle, the focus shouldn't just be on theoretical top speeds. It should be on capacity, reliability, and the ability to handle a massive density of diverse devices. Pair your hardware upgrade with a robust intelligence platform. Use Purple's analytics to understand your client landscape, and leverage Purple as a free identity provider for seamless, secure onboarding like OpenRoaming.

That's it for this technical briefing. Be sure to check out our full written guide for the architecture diagrams and configuration checklists. Thanks for listening.

Key Takeaways

✓Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) shifts focus from theoretical peak speeds to network efficiency and capacity in dense environments — it was specifically engineered for high-device-density scenarios.
✓OFDMA subdivides channels into Resource Units, allowing APs to communicate with multiple clients simultaneously, reducing contention overhead and latency.
✓BSS Coloring allows devices to identify and ignore transmissions from neighbouring networks, enabling spatial reuse and directly mitigating co-channel interference.
✓Wi-Fi 6 brings its efficiency improvements (OFDMA, TWT, BSS Coloring) to the 2.4 GHz band, revitalising it for IoT deployments in healthcare, logistics, and retail.
✓The benefits of Wi-Fi 6 interference mitigation scale with the proportion of Wi-Fi 6 capable client devices — use analytics to track this before committing to a full infrastructure refresh.
✓Default to 20 MHz or 40 MHz channels in high-density areas; wider channels reduce available spectrum and increase interference despite higher theoretical throughput.
✓Integrating a platform like Purple provides the analytics necessary to track client capabilities, validate ROI, and leverage Purple as a free identity provider for OpenRoaming and secure guest access.

Executive Summary

For IT directors and network architects managing high-density environments — whether in hospitality, retail, or large public venues — co-channel interference remains the primary bottleneck to wireless performance. The traditional approach of mitigating interference by reducing transmit power or disabling 2.4 GHz radios on alternating access points has reached its logical limit.

The transition from Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) to Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) represents a fundamental architectural shift. Rather than simply increasing theoretical throughput, Wi-Fi 6 was engineered specifically to address capacity and efficiency in congested airspace. Through the introduction of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Basic Service Set (BSS) Coloring, Wi-Fi 6 provides deterministic mechanisms to manage interference rather than merely reacting to it.

This guide explores the technical realities of Wi-Fi 6 interference mitigation, providing actionable deployment strategies for enterprise IT teams. We examine how these standards operate in mixed-client environments and how integrating intelligence platforms like Guest WiFi analytics can validate the ROI of your infrastructure refresh.

Technical Deep-Dive: How Wi-Fi 6 Changes the Rules

To understand how Wi-Fi 6 addresses interference, we must first examine the limitations of its predecessor.

The Wi-Fi 5 Contention Problem

Wi-Fi 5 relies on Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). In this single-user model, an Access Point (AP) must allocate the entire channel bandwidth — whether 20, 40, or 80 MHz — to a single client for a given transmission, regardless of the payload size. This is highly inefficient for small data packets, such as those generated by IoT devices or real-time telemetry.

Furthermore, Wi-Fi 5 uses a strict Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism. If an AP or client detects RF energy on its channel above a specific threshold (typically -82 dBm), it defers transmission. In dense deployments, overlapping coverage areas result in significant co-channel interference (CCI), where devices spend more time waiting than transmitting. This is the core problem that Wi-Fi 6 was designed to solve.

OFDMA: Granular Spectrum Allocation

Wi-Fi 6 introduces OFDMA, which divides the channel into smaller, discrete sub-carriers called Resource Units (RUs). Instead of dedicating an entire 20 MHz channel to one device, an AP can subdivide that channel into up to nine distinct RUs, transmitting to or receiving from multiple clients simultaneously. This drastically reduces contention overhead and latency. While OFDMA does not eliminate external interference, it makes the network vastly more efficient, reducing the overall time the medium is occupied and therefore the probability of collision.

BSS Coloring: Spatial Reuse in Action

The feature most directly targeting co-channel interference is BSS Coloring, formally known as Spatial Reuse. In a dense deployment, multiple APs often operate on the same channel due to limited spectrum availability. In Wi-Fi 5, a client device cannot distinguish between traffic intended for its own AP (its Basic Service Set) and traffic from a neighbouring AP on the same channel. It treats all traffic as interference and defers transmission, regardless of how weak the interfering signal actually is.

Wi-Fi 6 adds a 6-bit identifier — the "color" — to the physical layer (PHY) header. Devices can now differentiate between intra-BSS traffic (same color) and inter-BSS traffic (different color). If a device detects a transmission with a different color, it applies an adaptive Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) threshold. If the interfering signal is relatively weak, the device can ignore it and transmit simultaneously, significantly increasing overall network capacity through spatial reuse.

Implementation Guide: Deploying for High Density

Deploying Wi-Fi 6 requires a strategic shift from coverage-centric design to capacity-centric architecture. The following recommendations apply across Hospitality , Retail , and public-sector environments.

1. Channel Width Strategy

While Wi-Fi 6 supports 160 MHz channels, deploying them in enterprise environments is rarely advisable. Wider channels mean fewer non-overlapping channels are available, drastically increasing co-channel interference.

Recommendation: Standardise on 20 MHz or 40 MHz channels in the 5 GHz band for high-density environments such as stadiums and conference centres. Rely on OFDMA and higher modulation schemes (1024-QAM) to deliver throughput, rather than brute-forcing it with wide channels.

When planning your spectrum, be mindful of DFS Channels: What They Are and When to Avoid Them . While Wi-Fi 6 is more efficient, radar detection events will still force channel changes, disrupting client connectivity. For Italian-language teams, the same guidance is available as Canali DFS: Cosa sono e quando evitarli .

2. Managing the Mixed-Client Reality

The primary caveat of Wi-Fi 6 features like OFDMA and BSS Coloring is that they require client support. In public-facing environments like Retail or Hospitality , you do not control the client devices. When legacy Wi-Fi 5 or Wi-Fi 4 devices connect, the network must fall back to standard OFDM and legacy contention mechanisms for those specific transmissions. The interference mitigation benefits of Wi-Fi 6 therefore scale proportionally with the penetration of Wi-Fi 6 clients in your environment.

3. Integrating Network Intelligence

To justify the capital expenditure of a Wi-Fi 6 upgrade, IT leaders need visibility into network utilisation and client capabilities. This is where a WiFi Analytics platform becomes essential. By integrating Purple's analytics overlay, network architects can track the adoption rate of Wi-Fi 6 capable devices entering their venues, correlate network performance metrics with footfall and dwell time data, and identify specific zones where legacy devices are causing disproportionate contention.

Best Practices and Security Integration

Seamless Onboarding at Scale

As you upgrade infrastructure to handle higher capacity, the onboarding experience must scale accordingly. Wi-Fi 6 mandates support for WPA3, providing stronger encryption. For public Guest WiFi , the industry is moving towards seamless, secure authentication. Purple acts as a free identity provider for services like OpenRoaming under the Connect license, allowing users to connect automatically and securely without captive portals, leveraging enterprise-grade 802.1X authentication. This is particularly relevant as we look towards the future of connectivity — see our recent insights on How a wi fi assistant Enables Passwordless Access in 2026 .

Optimising the 2.4 GHz Band

Unlike Wi-Fi 5, which only operated in the 5 GHz band, Wi-Fi 6 applies to both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. This breathes new life into the crowded 2.4 GHz spectrum, which is crucial for IoT deployments in Healthcare and logistics. BSS Coloring is particularly valuable here, given the limited number of non-overlapping channels (1, 6, and 11). Target Wake Time (TWT) also dramatically extends the battery life of IoT sensors and medical telemetry devices operating in this band.

Compliance Considerations

For deployments in regulated industries, the security improvements in Wi-Fi 6 are directly relevant to compliance posture. WPA3 with Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) addresses vulnerabilities in WPA2-Personal that were exploitable via offline dictionary attacks. For environments subject to PCI DSS (retail payment processing) or GDPR (guest data capture), WPA3 strengthens the encryption layer of the wireless network, reducing the scope of compliance risk.

Troubleshooting and Risk Mitigation

Common Failure Modes

The most common cause of self-induced interference in Wi-Fi 6 deployments is over-provisioning transmit power. IT teams often leave AP transmit power on "Auto," resulting in APs with overlapping coverage cells that shout over one another. The mitigation is to manually tune transmit power boundaries, ensuring cell overlap is sufficient for seamless roaming but tight enough to minimise co-channel interference.

A second common failure is designing a network assuming all clients support Wi-Fi 6, which leads to capacity bottlenecks when the reality of legacy device prevalence becomes apparent. The mitigation is to use analytics to understand your specific client mix before finalising the RF design.

Finally, misconfigured BSS Coloring — where APs are not properly assigning or coordinating colour identifiers — means the spatial reuse benefits are simply not realised. Ensure your wireless LAN controller or cloud management platform is running the latest firmware and that BSS Coloring is explicitly enabled and monitored via the management console.

ROI and Business Impact

The business case for Wi-Fi 6 extends beyond IT metrics. In large venues, network performance directly impacts user experience and operational efficiency. For example, in a stadium environment, enabling seamless connectivity allows for in-seat ordering and real-time engagement. By combining Wi-Fi 6 infrastructure with Purple's platform, venues can leverage location-based services and indoor navigation — Purple recently launched Offline Maps Mode for Seamless, Secure Navigation to WiFi Hotspots , extending this capability even without an active internet connection.

Furthermore, Purple's expansion into new sectors — including the recent appointment of Iain Fox as VP Growth for the Public Sector to Drive Digital Inclusion and Smart City Innovation — highlights the growing requirement for robust, interference-resistant connectivity in municipal and Transport deployments, where network reliability is a matter of public safety and service delivery.

Measuring Success: On the technical side, track reduction in channel utilisation percentages during peak hours and decrease in client retry rates. On the business side, measure the increase in concurrent connected users, higher data capture rates through the guest portal, and improved guest satisfaction scores. Wi-Fi 6 does not break the laws of physics — RF interference still exists. However, it provides IT teams with sophisticated, deterministic tools to manage that interference, transforming wireless from a best-effort medium into a reliable enterprise utility.

Key Definitions

BSS Coloring (Spatial Reuse)

A Wi-Fi 6 mechanism that adds a 6-bit identifier to PHY headers, allowing devices to differentiate between their own network traffic and overlapping neighbour network traffic, thereby reducing unnecessary transmission deferrals and enabling simultaneous transmissions on the same channel.

Critical for high-density environments (stadiums, multi-tenant buildings) where co-channel interference previously crippled network capacity. Must be enabled explicitly on the wireless LAN controller.

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access)

A multi-user technology that subdivides a Wi-Fi channel into smaller Resource Units (RUs), allowing an AP to communicate with multiple clients simultaneously within a single channel occupancy event.

Solves the inefficiency of Wi-Fi 5 OFDM, particularly for environments with many devices sending small amounts of data — IoT sensors, retail point-of-sale terminals, and mobile messaging applications.

Resource Unit (RU)

The smallest unit of frequency allocation in OFDMA. A 20 MHz channel can be divided into up to 9 RUs, each serving a different client simultaneously.

IT architects need to understand RUs to grasp how Wi-Fi 6 achieves its capacity improvements without requiring wider channels or additional spectrum.

Co-Channel Interference (CCI)

Performance degradation that occurs when multiple access points and clients operate on the exact same frequency channel within range of one another, forcing them to wait for clear airtime via CSMA/CA.

The primary enemy of high-density Wi-Fi design. Mitigated by careful channel planning, cell size management, and Wi-Fi 6 BSS Coloring.

Target Wake Time (TWT)

A Wi-Fi 6 feature that allows APs to negotiate scheduled wake windows with client devices, defining exactly when they will wake up to send or receive data.

Crucial for IoT deployments in healthcare and retail logistics, as it dramatically extends device battery life and reduces overall medium contention by preventing all devices from competing for airtime simultaneously.

Clear Channel Assessment (CCA)

The 'listen before talk' mechanism devices use to determine if the RF medium is busy before transmitting. In Wi-Fi 5, a single threshold applies to all detected energy. In Wi-Fi 6, BSS Coloring enables adaptive CCA thresholds based on the color of the detected transmission.

BSS Coloring modifies the CCA thresholds, allowing devices to be more aggressive in transmitting when the interfering signal originates from a different-color BSS.

1024-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

An advanced modulation scheme in Wi-Fi 6 that encodes 10 bits of data per symbol, a 25% increase over Wi-Fi 5's 256-QAM (8 bits per symbol).

Delivers higher peak throughput, but requires very high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Clients must be in close proximity to the AP to benefit, making it most relevant for short-range, high-throughput use cases.

OpenRoaming

A federation standard built on Passpoint (802.11u/Hotspot 2.0) that allows users to seamlessly and securely connect to participating Wi-Fi networks without captive portals, using 802.1X authentication and roaming agreements between identity providers.

The future of enterprise guest access. Purple acts as a free identity provider for this service under the Connect license, streamlining the user journey while maintaining enterprise-grade security and enabling GDPR-compliant data capture.

Worked Examples

A large conference centre is upgrading its main auditorium from Wi-Fi 5 to Wi-Fi 6. The current deployment uses 80 MHz channels to maximise marketing claims of 'gigabit speeds,' but during keynote speeches with 2,000 attendees, the network grinds to a halt due to co-channel interference. How should the new Wi-Fi 6 architecture be configured?

Step 1: Reduce channel width from 80 MHz to 20 MHz. This increases the number of available non-overlapping channels in the 5 GHz band from 6 to 25, drastically reducing co-channel interference. Step 2: Enable BSS Coloring on the wireless controller to allow spatial reuse among APs that must share a channel. Step 3: Implement OFDMA for both uplink and downlink to efficiently handle the high volume of small packets (social media updates, messaging) typical of conference environments. Step 4: Tune AP transmit power down to create smaller, denser micro-cells, minimising the RF footprint of each AP. Step 5: Disable legacy data rates (below 12 Mbps) to force clients to use more efficient modulation and clear the airtime faster.

Examiner's Commentary: This scenario highlights the classic error of prioritising theoretical throughput over actual capacity. By dropping to 20 MHz channels, the architect trades peak single-client speed for massive overall system capacity. Wi-Fi 6's OFDMA ensures that even on a 20 MHz channel, traffic is handled efficiently for multiple simultaneous users. BSS Coloring provides the safety net for inevitable channel reuse in a dense auditorium. The outcome in comparable deployments has been a 40-60% reduction in channel utilisation during peak events.

A hospital IT director is deploying a new fleet of Wi-Fi 6 IoT telemetry monitors across a ward. The ward already has legacy Wi-Fi 4 guest devices operating heavily on the 2.4 GHz band. How does Wi-Fi 6 help, and what configuration is required?

Step 1: Unlike Wi-Fi 5, Wi-Fi 6 operates in the 2.4 GHz band. The new telemetry monitors can leverage OFDMA and Target Wake Time (TWT) in 2.4 GHz, dramatically extending battery life. Step 2: Configure a dedicated SSID for the IoT devices on a separate VLAN, steering them to specific AP radios if the hardware supports dual 5GHz or software-defined radios. Step 3: Enable BSS Coloring on the 2.4 GHz band to mitigate interference from the legacy guest devices and neighbouring wards. Step 4: Strictly enforce the 1, 6, 11 channel plan with 20 MHz channel widths on 2.4 GHz — do not use 40 MHz channels. Step 5: Integrate Purple's analytics to monitor the airtime utilisation of the legacy guest devices and ensure they are not starving the critical IoT traffic.

Examiner's Commentary: The 2.4 GHz band is often written off as unusable in enterprise environments, but Wi-Fi 6 revitalises it for IoT. Target Wake Time will significantly improve the battery life of the telemetry monitors — devices can negotiate a sleep schedule with the AP and only wake to transmit. BSS Coloring helps them punch through the noise floor created by legacy guest devices. The combination of TWT and OFDMA in 2.4 GHz can reduce IoT device power consumption by up to 30% compared to a Wi-Fi 5 deployment.

Practice Questions

Q1. You are designing the Wi-Fi network for a high-density retail mall. You have deployed Wi-Fi 6 APs on 20 MHz channels. However, your analytics dashboard shows high latency and channel utilisation during peak trading hours. You verify that BSS Coloring is enabled and correctly configured. What is the most likely cause of the ongoing interference, and how do you investigate it?

Hint: Consider the capabilities of the devices actually connecting to the network in a public retail space, and how legacy devices interact with Wi-Fi 6 efficiency features.

View model answer

The most likely cause is a high percentage of legacy (Wi-Fi 4 or Wi-Fi 5) client devices. BSS Coloring and OFDMA only mitigate interference when the client devices also support Wi-Fi 6. In a public retail environment, the network must fall back to legacy CSMA/CA contention mechanisms for older devices, negating many of the Wi-Fi 6 efficiency benefits. To investigate, use Purple's analytics to generate a client capability breakdown, segmenting devices by Wi-Fi generation. If less than 60-70% of clients are Wi-Fi 6 capable, the interference mitigation gains will be limited. The remediation is to increase AP density to create smaller cells, reduce transmit power further, and potentially implement band steering to push capable devices to less congested channels.

Q2. A stadium IT team is planning to use 80 MHz channels to support 4K video streaming for journalists in the press box. The press box has 15 APs deployed in close proximity across a 400 square metre area. Why is this a high-risk design, even with Wi-Fi 6, and what is the recommended alternative?

Hint: Calculate how many non-overlapping 80 MHz channels exist in the 5 GHz band, then consider what happens when 15 APs must share those channels.

View model answer

Using 80 MHz channels in the 5 GHz band provides only 6 non-overlapping channels (including DFS). With 15 APs in a 400 square metre area, every channel must be reused multiple times in close proximity. Even with BSS Coloring, the noise floor will be elevated to the point where the adaptive CCA threshold cannot provide sufficient spatial reuse benefit — the signals will simply be too strong to ignore. The recommended alternative is to use 20 MHz channels (25 non-overlapping channels available), rely on OFDMA to handle the multi-stream video traffic efficiently, and configure the APs for micro-cell architecture with reduced transmit power. For the specific 4K streaming use case, the guaranteed throughput of a 20 MHz OFDMA channel serving a small number of dedicated journalists is more than sufficient.

Q3. You are configuring a new Wi-Fi 6 deployment in a hospital. The medical telemetry devices are legacy 2.4 GHz only (802.11n / Wi-Fi 4). How should you configure the 2.4 GHz radios on the new Wi-Fi 6 APs to support these devices while minimising interference? What compliance considerations apply?

Hint: Focus on fundamental RF design principles for the 2.4 GHz band, which only has 3 non-overlapping channels, and consider the regulatory environment for medical devices.

View model answer

You must strictly adhere to the 1, 6, 11 channel plan using 20 MHz channel widths — never use 40 MHz channels in 2.4 GHz in a healthcare environment. Carefully tune transmit power down to minimise cell overlap. Disable lower data rates (1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbps) to force clients to use more efficient modulation schemes, clearing the airtime faster. Enable BSS Coloring on the 2.4 GHz radios to help manage interference from neighbouring wards. From a compliance perspective, medical device wireless deployments must adhere to IEC 60601-1-2 (electromagnetic compatibility for medical electrical equipment). You should conduct a formal RF site survey before and after deployment, and document the interference environment as part of the device risk assessment. Ensure the telemetry devices are on a dedicated VLAN with QoS prioritisation, and that the network is segmented from general guest traffic in accordance with your healthcare data governance policy.